一、英文标点记号
句点:英国英语(BrE):Full Stop;好意思国英语(AmE):Period,“ . ”
问号:Question Mark,“ ? ”
惊奇号:Exclamation Mark,“ ! ”
逗号:Comma,“ , ”
冒号:Colon,“ : ”
概略号:Ellipsis (众数:Ellipses),“ ... ”
分号:Semicolon,“ ; ”
连字符:Hyphen,“ - ”
纠合号:En Dash,“ – ”
破折号:Em Dash,“ — ”
括号:Parentheses,
小括号(圆括号)“ ( ) ”(parenthesis; round brackets);
中括号“ [ ] ”(square brackets);
大括号“ { } ”(brackets; braces)
引号:Quotation Marks,
双引号“ " ”(quote);
单引号“ ' ”(single quotation marks)
缩写及悉数格记号:Apostrophe,“ ' ”
二、英文破折号(em dash)、纠合号(en dash)与连字符(hyphen)的分离及各私用法是什么?在科技写稿中有何特质?
据The Chicago Manual of Style中对于这几种记号的用法,并作了一些补充:
HYPHEN (-)
1. 用于复合词,如:
upper-case letter
2. 用于分隔数字或字母,举例电话号码:
或名字的拼写:
1-800-621-2376
My name is Phyllis; that's p-h-y-l-l-i-s.
3. 用于排版时纠合因断行而被打断的单词,举例:
Trust Law ranks the Congo as one of the most dangerous coun-
tries for ***ual violence.
EN DASH (–)
1. 特殊于to。主要用于纠合数字或单词,示意「到并包括」(up to and including)。不外应安定,在from...to... 和between...and... 的结构中,不要用en dash 去替代中间的to 和and。
例句:
Her college years, 1998–2002, were the happiest in her life.
For documentation and indexing, see chapters 16–18.
In Genesis 6:13–22 we find God's instructions to Noah.
Join us on Thursday, 11:30 a.m.–4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.
The London–Paris train le**es at two o'clock.
I h**e blocked out December 2002–March 2003 to complete my manuscript.
Her articles appeared in Postwar Journal (3 November 1945–4 February 1946).
Green Bay beat Denver 31–24.
The legislature voted 101–13 to adopt the resolution.
2. 背面什么也不接。比如用于示意年代,若事件仍在进行中,en dash 背面不要加空格。
例句:
Professor Plato's survey (1999–) will cover the subject in the final volume.
Jane Doe (1950–); or Jane Doe (b. 1950)
3. 代替hyphen 的用途。在复合型形势词中,淌若其中一个组成元素是洞开型复合词,或者淌若其中两个或多个组成元素是洞开型复合词或带hyphen 的复合词,那么应使用en dash。
例句:
the post–World War II years
a hospital–nursing home connection
a nursing home–home care policy
a quasi-public–quasi-judicial body (or, better, a judicial body that is quasi-public and quasi-judicial)
在上述前三例中,post 和World War II,hospital 和nursing home,以及nursing home 和home 都是所属新的复合词中的元素,这些元素本人还是是洞开型复合词,为了幸免混浊和档次明显,应使用en dash 来纠合。第四例中,quasi-public 和quasi-judicial 是两个**的均带hyphen 的复合词,它们需要进一步纠合起来,是以中间用了en dash。
用来对照的反举例下:
non-English-speaking peoples
a wheelchair-user-designed environment (or, better, an environment designed for wheelchair users)
U.S.-Canadian relations
上述前两例都是单个词的复合,尽管由三个以上元素组成,一律都用hyphen。第三例中,复合词的缩写(U.S.)视为一个词,是以也用hyphen。
4. 其他用法:en dash 无意用作减号,尽管两者原则上并非统一个记号。另外,它也不错用于纠合领有不同校区的大学。
例句:
the University of Wisconsin–Madison
the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
EM DASH (—)
1. 它的用法最复杂、最活泼。为了幸免混浊,一个句子不应包含跳跃两个em dash,淌若委果需要,应使用圆括弧。
2. 用于胪陈或解说。基本特殊于一组逗号、圆括弧,或冒号的用途。
例句:
It was a revival of the most potent image in modern democracy—the revolutionary idea.
The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious in her work.
The chancellor—he had been awake half the night—came down in an angry mood.
She outlined the strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, secure the peace.
My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.
3. 用于分隔造就从句的代词。
例句:
Consensus—that was the will-o’-the wisp he doggedly pursued.
Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumors—such were the obstacles he encountered.
Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
Kingston, who first conceived the idea; Barber, who organized the fundraising campaign; and West, who conducted the investigation—those were the women most responsible for the movement's early success.
4. 示意象考或对话中句子结构的俄顷中断,无意也可用概略号代替。
例句:
"Will he—can he—obtain the necessary signatures?" asked Mill.
伦理片在线免回看3"Well, I don't know," I began tentatively. "I thought I might—"
"Might what?" she demanded.
但淌若中断来自于所援用材料的外部,em dash 应当出当今引号的外面。举例:
"Someday he's going to hit one of those long shots, and"—his voice turned huffy—"I won't be there to see it."
5. 替代逗号,或与逗号一都使用。淌若在需要使用em dash 时,需要用逗号来分隔从句和**分句时,逗号不错概略。
例句:
Because the data had not been fully analyzed—the reason for this will be discussed later—the publication of the report was delayed.
但淌若em dash 出当今援用材料的末尾示意中断,应当在言语东说念主的身份之前用逗号。例句:
"I assure you, we shall never—," Sylvia began, but Mark cut her short.
6. 和其他标点连用。一般来说,em dash 不错跟在问号、惊奇号的背面,但弗成跟在逗号、冒号、分号的背面,也果然弗成跟在句号的背面。
例句:
All at once Richardson—can he h**e been out of his mind?—shook his fist in the ambassador's face.
Only if—he**en forbid!—you lose your passport should you call home.
7. 用于代替引号。有些法语作者常用em dash 代替引号示意对话,每段话另起一段。
例句:
—Will he obtain the necessary signatures?
—Of course he will!
8. 用于索引。
例句:
—body armor: cuirass, 135–36, 147, 152,244, 258, 260, 311; gre**es, 135, 179,260; helmets, 101, 135, 147, 221, 243,258
2-EM 和3-EM DASHES (—— and ———)
双重和三重的em dash 相对罕有,但亦然正规的标点记号,不错先容一下。
2-em dash 用来示意单词拼写不全,或名字的概略,或粗话的概略,或无法识别的笔迹等。淌若通盘单词都丢失了,2-em dash 的傍边两侧都应留出空格,淌若唯唯一部分丢失,那么在2-em dash 和单词现有部分之间不应有空格。淌若2-em dash 代表通盘单词的为止,那么之后应留出频频的词间空格。
例句:
"The region gives its —— to the language spoken there.
Admiral N—— and Lady R—— were among the guests.
D**id H——h [Hirsch?] voted aye.
3-em dash 用于参考文件(bibliography),背面接一个句号(.),示意和上一条是统一个作者。
例句:
———. The Last Dinosaur Book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
对于en dash 和em dash的用法,在英、好意思略有习气互异,举例有的英国出书机构,如剑桥大学出书社、企鹅、劳特里奇等,可爱用双方带空格的en dash 来替代双方不带空格的em dash,但这在好意思国很罕有,而另一部分英国出书机构,如牛津大学出书社,也救援好意思国那种双方不带空格的em dash 作风。
在科学论文中,这几种标点的使用有什么非凡之处
一般性的使用,如纠合复合词、数字、年代等,和上头先容的普通用法一致,但有两点概略需要卓绝安定。
1. 慎用en dash
为了幸免和减号混浊,有的所在最佳不要用en dash。
例句:
with temperature of −5 to 25°C 【正确】
with temperature of −5–25°C 【诞妄】
−4 to −6°C 【正确】
−4–−6°C 【诞妄】
2. 少用em dash
有一部分科技论文写稿参考书,举例Mastering Scientific and Medical Writing: A Self-help Guide,合计在科技论文中三种em dash 一律不应罗致,em dash 普通示意一种强有劲的打断,淌若可能,最佳用更平滑、更柔柔的圆括弧替代。
巨擘的Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers也不保举在参考文件中使用3-em dash 来示意疏通作者这一依次。
源泉于集结:参看原文1男同 打屁股,原文2